List of World Heritage in Danger
The World Heritage Convention[nb 1] laid down by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 provides the basis for the designation and management of World Heritage Sites. According to article 11.4 of the convention, UNESCO, through the World Heritage Committee, may place threatened World Heritage Sites whose conservation require major operations and for which "assistance has been requested" on a List of World Heritage in Danger.[1] This action is intended to increase the international awareness to the threat and to encourage counteractive measures.[2] Threats to a site can be either ascertained dangers which are proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on the characteristics of a site.
In the case of natural sites, ascertained dangers include the serious decline in the population of an endangered or other valuable species or the deterioration of natural beauty or scientific value of a property by man-made activities such as logging, pollution, human settlement, mining, agriculture and major public works. Ascertained dangers for cultural properties include serious deterioration of materials, structure, ornaments or architectural coherence and the loss of historical authenticity or cultural significance. Potential dangers for both cultural and natural sites include development projects, armed conflicts, insufficient management systems or changes in the legal protective status of the property. In the case of cultural sites gradual changes due to geology, climate or environment can also be potential dangers.[3]
Before a property is inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, its condition is assessed and a potential programme for corrective measures is developed in cooperation with the state party involved. The final decision about inscription lies in the hand of the committee. Financial support from the World Heritage Fund may be allocated by the committee for listed properties. The state of conservation is reviewed on a yearly basis. Depending on the outcome of the review, the committee may request additional measures or delete the property from the list if the threats ceased to exist or may consider deletion from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List.[3] Of the two former sites, the Dresden Elbe Valley was delisted after placement on the List of World Heritage in Danger while the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted.[4][5] As of 2012, there are 38 entries (17 natural, 21 cultural) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.[6] Many of the listed sites are located in the developing world with 17 in Africa (of which five are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), 9 in Asia,[nb 2] 8 in the Americas and 4 in Europe.[nb 3][7] The majority of endangered natural sites (12) is located in Africa.[8]
While danger listing has sparked conservation efforts and released funding, resulting in a positive development of some sites such as Galápagos or Yellowstone, the list itself and UNESCO's implementation of it have been the focus of criticism.[9][10] In particular state parties and other stakeholders of World Heritage Sites have questioned the authority of the Committee to declare a site in danger without their consent.[11] Until UNESCO set a precedent in 1992 placing several sites on the danger list against their view, state parties would have first submitted a program of corrective measures before a site could be listed.[12] Instead of being used as intended, the List of World Heritage in Danger is perceived by some states as a black list and according to Christina Cameron, Professor at the School of Architecture, Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, University of Montreal, has been used as political tool to get the attention of state parties.[13][14] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) notes that UNESCO has referenced the List of World Heritage in Danger (without actually listing the site) in a number of cases where the threat could be easily addressed by the state party.[15] The Union also argues that listing a site as endangered over a long period of time is questionable and that other mechanisms for conservation should be sought in these cases.[16]
Currently listed sites[edit]
- Table legend
- Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee[17]
- Location; at city or provincial level and country name, with coordinates; column sorts by state[nb 4]
- Criteria; the site was listed under
- Area; in hectares and acres if provided by UNESCO
- Year (WHS); the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List
- Endangered; the year the site appeared on the List of World Heritage in Danger
- Reason; threats to the site which prompted UNESCO to list it as in danger
Name | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha (acre) |
Year (WHS) | Endangered | Reason | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abu Mena | Abusir, Egypt 30°50′30″N 29°39′50″E / 30.84167°N 29.66389°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
182 (450) | 1979 | 2001 | Cave-ins in the area caused by the clay at the surface, which becomes semi-liquid when met with "excess water" | [18][19] [20] |
|
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves | Arlit Department, Niger 18°17′N 8°0′E / 18.283°N 8.000°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
7,736,000 (19,120,000) | 1991 | 1992 | Military conflict and civil disturbance in the region as well as a reduction of wildlife population and degradation of the vegetation cover | [21][22] | |
Ancient City of Aleppo | Aleppo Governorate, Syria 36°14′0″N 37°10′0″E / 36.23333°N 37.16667°E |
Cultural: (iii)(iv) |
350 (860) | 1986 | 2013 | Military conflict | [23] | |
Ancient City of Bosra | Daraa Governorate, Syria 32°31′5″N 36°28′54″E / 32.51806°N 36.48167°E |
Cultural: (i)(iii)(vi) |
— | 1980 | 2013 | Military conflict | [24] | |
Ancient City of Damascus | Damascus Governorate, Syria 33°30′41″N 36°18′23″E / 33.51139°N 36.30639°E |
Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
86 (210) | 1979 | 2013 | Military conflict | [25] | |
Ancient Villages of Northern Syria | Syria 36°20′3″N 36°50′39″E / 36.33417°N 36.84417°E |
Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v) |
12,290 (30,400) | 2011 | 2013 | Military conflict | [26] | |
Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) | Salah ad Din, Iraq 35°27′24″N 43°15′45″E / 35.45667°N 43.26250°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
70 (170) | 2003 | 2003 | A planned reservoir that would have partially flooded the site was suspended in the wake of the Iraq War by the new administration; lack of adequate protection | [27][28] | |
Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery | Imereti, Georgia 42°15′44″N 42°42′59″E / 42.26222°N 42.71639°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
7.87 (19.4) | 1994 | 2010 | Major reconstruction project that will lead to irreversible interventions and undermine the authenticity and integrity of the site | [29][30] | |
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System | Belize, Stann Creek and Toledo Belize 17°19′N 87°32′W / 17.317°N 87.533°W |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
96,300 (238,000) | 1996 | 2009 | Mangrove cutting and excessive development | [31][32] | |
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone | La Libertad, Peru 8°6′40″S 79°04′30″W / 8.11111°S 79.07500°W |
Cultural: (i), (iii) |
600 (1,500) | 1986 | 1986 | Natural erosion | [33][34] | |
Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem | Palestine 31°42′16″N 35°12′27″E / 31.70444°N 35.20750°E |
Cultural: (iv), (vi) |
2.98 (7.4) | 2012 | 2012 | Water damage | [35][36] | |
Comoé National Park | Zanzan, Côte d'Ivoire 9°10′N 3°40′W / 9.167°N 3.667°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
1,150,000 (2,800,000) | 1983 | 2003 | Civil unrest, poaching and lack of effective management mechanisms | [37][38] | |
Coro and its Port | Falcón, Venezuela 11°25′N 69°40′W / 11.417°N 69.667°W |
Cultural: (iv), (v) |
107 (260) | 1993 | 2005 | Damage to a great number of structures due to heavy rain between November 2004 and February 2005 as well as the construction of a new monument, a beach walkway and an entrance gate to the city in the buffer zone which could have considerable impact on the value of the site | [39][40] | |
Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din | Homs and Latakia Governorates, Syria 34°46′54″N 36°15′47″E / 34.78167°N 36.26306°E |
Cultural: (ii)(iv) |
9 (22) | 2006 | 2013 | Military conflict | [41] | |
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley | Bamyan, Afghanistan 34°49′55″N 67°49′36″E / 34.83194°N 67.82667°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) |
159 (390) | 2003 | 2003 | Fragile conservation state due to abandonment, military action and dynamite explosions; causing dangers such as risk of collapse of Buddha niches, further deterioration of cave murals, looting and illicit excavations | [42][43] | |
East Rennell | Rennell and Bellona Province, Solomon Islands 11°40′59″S 160°10′59″E / 11.68306°S 160.18306°E |
Natural: (ix) |
37,000 (91,000) | 1998 | 2013 | Damage to the site due to logging and its effect on the local ecoystem | [44] | |
Everglades National Park | United States 25°19′N 80°56′W / 25.317°N 80.933°W |
Florida,Natural: (viii), (ix), (x) |
592,920 (1,465,100) | 1979 | 1993–2007, 2010 | Damage due to Hurricane Andrew and deterioration of water flow and quality due to agricultural and urban development (1993); continued degradation of the site resulting in a loss of marine habitat and decline in marine species (2010) | [45][46] [47] |
|
Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo | Colón Province, Panama 9°33′14″N 79°39′21″W / 9.55389°N 79.65583°W |
Cultural: (i), (iv) |
— | 1980 | 2012 | Environmental factors, lack of maintenance and urban development | [48][49] | |
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works | Tarapacá, Chile 20°12′30″S 69°47′40″W / 20.20833°S 69.79444°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
— | 2005 | 2005 | Fragile nature of structures due to lack of maintenance for 40 years; also damage, vandalism and some dismantling; looting | [50][51] | |
Garamba National Park | Orientale, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4°0′N 29°15′E / 4.000°N 29.250°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
500,000 (1,200,000) | 1980 | 1984–1992, 1996 | Reduction of Northern White Rhinoceros population (1984); poaching of two white rhinos, killing of three rangers and no plan for corrective measures by the authorities (1996) | [52][53] [54] |
|
Historical Monuments of Mtskheta | Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia 41°51′N 44°43′E / 41.850°N 44.717°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
— | 1994 | 2009 | Concerns about the preservation of the site | [55][56] | |
Historic Town of Zabīd | Al Hudaydah, Yemen 14°12′N 43°19′E / 14.200°N 43.317°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iv), (vi) |
— | 1993 | 2000 | Deteriorating state of historic buildings, inscribed on request of the state party | [57][58] | |
Kahuzi-Biega National Park | South Kivu and Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°30′S 28°45′E / 2.500°S 28.750°E |
Natural: (x) |
600,000 (1,500,000) | 1980 | 1997 | Deforestation, hunting as well as war and civil strife | [59][60] | |
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City | Liverpool England, United Kingdom 53°24′24″N 2°50′40″W / 53.40667°N 2.84444°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
136 (340) | 2004 | 2012 | Due to the proposed redevelopment of historic docklands known as Liverpool Waters | [61][62] | |
Los Katíos National Park |
—
|
Antioquia and Chocó, Colombia 7°40′N 77°0′W / 7.667°N 77.000°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
72,000 (180,000) | 1994 | 2009 | Deforestation, illegal fishing and hunting | [63][64] |
Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park | Bamingui-Bangoran, Central African Republic 9°0′N 21°30′E / 9.000°N 21.500°E |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
1,740,000 (4,300,000) | 1988 | 1997 | Illegal grazing and poaching, deteriorating security situation | [65][66] | |
Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam | Ghōr, Afghanistan 34°23′48″N 64°30′58″E / 34.39667°N 64.51611°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
70 (170) | 2002 | 2002 | Lack of legal protection, lack of protection measure or management plan, poor condition of the site | [67][68] | |
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo | Kosovo, Serbia 42°39′40″N 20°15′56″E / 42.66111°N 20.26556°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
2.88 (7.1) | 2004 | 2006 | Lack of legal protection and management; political instability and security | [69][70] | |
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve | Lola Prefecture, Côte d'Ivoire* Guinea* 7°36′N 8°23′W / 7.600°N 8.383°W |
Natural: (ix), (x) |
18,000 (44,000) | 1981 | 1992 | Iron ore mining concession on part of the World Heritage Site and influx of large number of refugees on the Guinean part of the site | [71][72] | |
Niokolo-Koba National Park | Tambacounda Region and Kédougou Region, Senegal 13°0′N 12°40′W / 13.000°N 12.667°W |
Natural: (x) |
913,000 (2,260,000) | 1981 | 2007 | Degradation of property, low mammal population, management problems and impact of a proposed dam on the Gambia River | [73][74] | |
Okapi Wildlife Reserve | Orientale, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°0′N 28°30′E / 2.000°N 28.500°E |
Natural: (x) |
1,372,625 (3,391,830) | 1996 | 1997 | Looting of park facilities and killing of elephants as a result of an armed conflict in the area | [75][76] | |
Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls | Jerusalem District (no nation named by UNESCO)[nb 5] 31°46′36″N 35°14′03″E / 31.77667°N 35.23417°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi) |
— | 1981 | 1982 | Uncontrolled urban development, general deterioration of the state of conservation due to tourism and lack of maintenance | [77][78][79] | |
Rainforests of the Atsinanana | Madagascar 14°28′S 49°42′E / 14.467°S 49.700°E |
Eastern Madagascar,Natural: (ix), (x) |
479,660 (1,185,300) | 2007 | 2010 | Illegal logging and hunting of endangered lemurs | [80][81] | |
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve | La Mosquitia, Honduras 15°44′40″N 84°40′30″W / 15.74444°N 84.67500°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
— | 1982 | 1996–2007, 2011 | Logging, fishing and land occupation; poaching and the reduced capacity of the state to manage the site; largely due to the deterioration of law and to the presence of drug traffickers | [82][83] | |
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara | Kilwa District, Tanzania 8°57′28″S 39°31′22″E / 8.95778°S 39.52278°E |
Cultural: (iii) |
— | 1981 | 2004 | Continuing deterioration of the site due to various agents such as erosion or plants | [84][85] | |
Salonga National Park | Équateur and Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2°0′S 21°0′E / 2.000°S 21.000°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix) |
3,600,000 (8,900,000) | 1984 | 1999 | Breakdown of civil order | [86][87] [88] |
|
Samarra Archaeological City | Salah ad Din, Iraq 34°12′N 43°52′E / 34.200°N 43.867°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
15,058 (37,210) | 2007 | 2007 | Security situation following the Iraq War and lack of state control for protection or management of the site | [89][90] | |
Simien National Park | Amhara Region, Ethiopia 13°11′N 38°4′E / 13.183°N 38.067°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
22,000 (54,000) | 1978 | 1996 | Deterioration of population of Walia ibex | [91][92] | |
Site of Palmyra | Homs Governorate, Syria 34°33′15″N 38°16′0″E / 34.55417°N 38.26667°E |
Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv) |
0.36 (0.89) | 1980 | 2013 | Military conflict | [93] | |
Timbuktu | Timbuktu, Timbuktu Region, Mali 16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.77333°N 2.99944°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v) |
— | 1988 | 2012 | Threat by armed conflict | [94][95] | |
Tomb of Askia | Gao, Gao Region, Mali 16°17′21.60″N 0°2′41.68″E / 16.2893333°N 0.0449111°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv) |
4.24 (10.5) | 2004 | 2012 | Threat by armed conflict | [95][96] | |
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi | Kampala District, Uganda 0°19′45″N 32°33′12″E / 0.32917°N 32.55333°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv), (vi) |
27 (67) | 2001 | 2010 | Destruction of the Muzibu Azaala Mpanga, the main building of the site, by fire in March 2010 | [97][98] | |
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra | Sumatra, Indonesia 02°30′S 101°30′E / 2.500°S 101.500°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
2,595,124 (6,412,690) | 2004 | 2011 | Poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site | [99][100] | |
Virunga National Park | North Kivu and Orientale, Democratic Republic of the Congo 0°55′N 29°10′E / 0.917°N 29.167°E |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (x) |
800,000 (2,000,000) | 1979 | 1994 | Deforestation and poaching as a result of the influx of refugees due to the Rwandan Civil War | [101][102] |
Previously listed sites[edit]
There exist a number of sites that were previously listed as being in danger, but later removed from the list after improvements in management and conservation. The Everglades National Park was listed from 1993 to 2007 and again since 2010; the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve was listed from 1996 to 2007 and again since 2011. Both are therefore included in the list of currently listed sites (above).
Name | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha (acre) |
Year (WHS) | Endangered | Reason | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angkor | Siem Reap Province, Cambodia 13°26′N 103°50′E / 13.433°N 103.833°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1992 | 1992–2004 | Inscription initially limited to a three year period (1993–1995) during which effective legal protection, boundary and buffer zones were to be established and international conservation efforts were to be monitored and coordinated; At the time of inscription, Cambodia was UN-controlled following the civil war in the 1980s. | [103][104] [105] |
|
Bahla Fort | Bahla, Oman 22°58′N 57°18′E / 22.967°N 57.300°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
—
|
1987 | 1988–2004 | Degradation of earth structures of the fort and of the oasis of Bahla | [106][107] [108][109] |
|
Bam and its Cultural Landscape | Kerman, Iran 29°07′00.68″N 58°22′06.51″E / 29.1168556°N 58.3684750°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) |
— | 2004 | 2004–2013 | Following the damage due to the 2003 Bam earthquake | [110][111][112] | |
Butrint | Sarandë District, Albania 39°45′N 20°01′E / 39.750°N 20.017°E |
Cultural: (iii) |
3,980 (9,800) | 1992 | 1997–2005 | Damages due to management and conservation | [113][114] [115] |
|
Cologne Cathedral | North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany 50°56′29″N 6°57′29″E / 50.94139°N 6.95806°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv) |
—
|
1996 | 2004–2006 | High-rise building plan near the cathedral threatening to inflict damage to the integrity of the property; delisted[nb 6] after the building plan was halted and a buffer zone introduced | [116][117] [118] |
|
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary | Biffeche, Senegal 16°30′N 16°10′W / 16.500°N 16.167°W |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
16,000 (40,000) | 1981 | 1984–1988, 2000–2006 | Long term threat by construction plan for a down-stream dam (1984); delisted[nb 6] (1988) as water supply to the park was insured by the construction of a sluice and a management plan was being prepared; relisted[nb 7] (2000) due to environmental and economical threats posed by the introduced species Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes as well as issues with water management in the park | [53][119] [120][121] [122][123] |
|
Dresden Elbe Valley# | Saxony, Germany 51°03′N 13°49′E / 51.050°N 13.817°E |
Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) |
1,930 (4,800) | 2004 | 2006–2009 | Construction plans for the Waldschlösschen Bridge in the core area of the cultural landscape; removed from the list of World Heritage Sites in 2009 after construction commenced at the end of 2007 | [124][125] | |
Dubrovnik | Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia 42°38′25″N 18°06′30″E / 42.64028°N 18.10833°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv) |
97 (240) | 1979 | 1991–1998 | Croatian War of Independence | [126][127] [128] |
|
Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore | Punjab, Pakistan 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E / 31.59028°N 74.30972°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii) |
— | 1981 | 2000–2012 | Destruction of historic water tanks in 1999 to widen a road and deteriorating perimeter walls of the Garden, listed on request of the Pakistan government | [129][130] | |
Galápagos Islands | Galápagos Province, Ecuador 0°40′S 90°30′W / 0.667°S 90.500°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
14,066,514 (34,759,110) | 1978 | 2007–2010 | Various threats including insufficient prevention of possibilities for the introduction of alien species, insufficient resource allocation for conservation agencies and park management, presence of a large number of illegal immigrants, rapid uncontrolled growth of tourism, fishing over-capacity and sports fishing | [131][132] [133][134] |
|
Group of Monuments at Hampi | Bellary district, India 15°20′6″N 76°27′43″E / 15.33500°N 76.46194°E |
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1986 | 1999–2006 | Partial construction of two cable-suspended bridges within the protected archaeological areas of Hampi threatening the integrity and authenticity of the site | [135][136] [137] |
|
Ichkeul National Park | Bizerta, Tunisia 37°10′N 9°40′E / 37.167°N 9.667°E |
Natural: (x) |
12,600 (31,000) | 1980 | 1996–2006 | Construction of dams limiting the freshwater flow to the area and causing an increased salinity of the lake and the marshes as well as a decrease in the number of migrating bird populations | [138][139] [140] |
|
Iguaçu National Park | Paraná State, Brazil 25°41′S 54°26′E / 25.683°S 54.433°E |
Natural: (vii), (x) |
170,086 (420,290) | 1986 | 1999–2001 | Illegally opened road ("Estrada do Colono", Portuguese for "Settler's Road") through the park, dams on the Iguazu River and helicopter flights. | [88][141] [142] |
|
Kathmandu Valley | Kathmandu Valley, Nepal 27°42′14″N 85°18′31″E / 27.70389°N 85.30861°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv), (vi) |
167 (410) | 1979 | 2003–2007 | Partial or substantial loss of the traditional elements of six out of seven monument zones and resulting general loss of authenticity and integrity of the whole property. | [143][144] [145] |
|
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor | Bay of Kotor, Kotor and surrounding territory, Montenegro 42°29′N 18°42′E / 42.483°N 18.700°E |
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) |
—
|
1979 | 1979–2003 | Damage following the earthquake from April 15, 1979 | [146][147] [148] |
|
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary | Assam, India 26°30′N 91°51′E / 26.500°N 91.850°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) |
39,100 (97,000) | 1985 | 1992–2011 | Poaching, damage to the park's infrastructure and decrease in the population of some species particularly the Greater One Horned Rhino following an invasion by militants of the Bodo tribe in 1992 | [149][150] [151] |
|
Ngorongoro Conservation Area | Arusha Region, Tanzania 3°11′S 35°32′E / 3.183°S 35.533°E |
Natural: (iv), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
—
|
1978 | 1984–1989 | Declining conservation status | [53][152] [153] |
|
Plitvice Lakes National Park | Lika-Senj County, Croatia 44°53′N 15°37′E / 44.883°N 15.617°E |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix) |
19,200 (47,000) | 1979 | 1992–1997 | Potential threat due to the Croatian War of Independence | [154][155] [156] |
|
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras | Ifugao, Philippines 16°55′N 121°3′E / 16.917°N 121.050°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v) |
500,000 (1,200,000) | 1995 | 2001–2012 | Absence of systematic monitoring programme or a comprehensive management plan | [157][158] | |
Royal Palaces of Abomey | Zou Department, Benin 7°11′26″N 1°59′36″E / 7.19056°N 1.99333°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
48 (120) | 1985 | 1985–2007 | General state of deterioration due to the elements and inappropriate restoration which are in conflict with the authenticity of the site | [159][160] [161][162] |
|
Rwenzori Mountains National Park | Bundibugyo, Kabarole and Kasese District, Uganda 0°13′N 29°55′E / 0.217°N 29.917°E |
Natural: (vii), (ix) |
99,600 (246,000) | 1994 | 1999–2004 | Security situation and lack of monitoring of a major part of the park | [88][163] [164] |
|
Sangay National Park | Chimborazo, Morona-Santiago and Tungurahua Province, Ecuador 1°50′S 78°20′W / 1.833°S 78.333°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
271,925 (671,940) | 1983 | 1992–2005 | Heavy poaching, illegal livestock grazing, encroachment and potential threat through a road construction project | [165][166] [167] |
|
Srebarna Nature Reserve | Srebarna, Silistra Province, Bulgaria 44°06′50″N 27°04′40″E / 44.11389°N 27.07778°E |
Natural: (x) |
638 (1,580) | 1983 | 1992–2003 | Prevention of seasonal flooding and agricultural use causing a decline or disappearance of the water and passerine bird populations | [168][169] [170] |
|
Timbuktu | Circle and Region of Tombouctou, Mali 16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W / 16.77333°N 2.99944°W |
Cultural: (ii), (iv), (v) |
—
|
1988 | 1990–2005 | Threat of sand encroachment | [171][172] [173] |
|
Tipasa | Tipaza Province, Algeria 36°33′24″N 2°23′00″E / 36.55667°N 2.38333°E |
Cultural: (iii), (iv) |
52 (130) | 1982 | 2002–2006 | Inadequat maintenance affecting the integrity of the site and its buffer zone | [174][175] [176] |
|
Wieliczka Salt Mine | Wieliczka, Wieliczka County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland 49°58′45″N 20°03′50″E / 49.97917°N 20.06389°E |
Cultural: (iv) |
969 (2,390) | 1978 | 1989–1998 | Humidity problem | [153][177] [178] |
|
Yellowstone National Park | Wyoming and small areas of Montana and Idaho, United States 44°30′N 110°50′W / 44.500°N 110.833°W |
Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) |
898,349 (2,219,870) | 1978 | 1995–2003 | Ascertained dangers to Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as sewage leakage and waste contamination in parts of the park; potential threats to water quantity and quality, past and proposed mining activities, a proposed control program to eradicate brucellosis in the bison herds | [179][180] [181] |
Notes[edit]
- Jump up ^ Full title: Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
- Jump up ^ Includes the Jerusalem site
- Jump up ^ Includes two sites in Georgia
- Jump up ^ The Jerusalem site is not associated with a state by UNESCO and sorts as "Jerusalem".
- Jump up ^ Site proposed by Jordan. UNESCO has stated that "In line with relevant UN resolutions, East Jerusalem remains part of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."
- ^ Jump up to: a b From the List of World Heritage in Danger
- Jump up ^ On the List of World Heritage in Danger
References[edit]
- General
- "World Heritage in Danger: A compendium of key decisions on the conservation of natural World Heritage properties via the List of World Heritage in Danger" (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- Chape, Stuart; Spalding, Mark; Jenkins, Martin (2008). The world's protected areas: status, values and prospects in the 21st century (illustrated ed.). University of Castile-La Mancha. ISBN 978-0-520-24660-7. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- Timothy, Dallen J.; Nyaupane, Gyan P. (2009). Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world: a regional perspective. Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility 10 (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-77622-6. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Sixteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twentieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-fifth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-seventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-eighth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirtieth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-first session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-third session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- "World Heritage Committee: Thirty-fourth session" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Notes
- Jump up ^ "Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 6. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention" (PDF). UNESCO. January 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ "Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary: first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ "Dresden is deleted from UNESCO’s World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- Jump up ^ Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 11
- Jump up ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 4–7
- Jump up ^ Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 87
- Jump up ^ Timothy & Nyaupane 2009, p. 83
- Jump up ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 2–3
- Jump up ^ Chape, Spalding & Jenkins 2008, p. 86
- Jump up ^ Thorsell, J. W.; Sawyer, Jacqueline (1992). World heritage 20 years later (illustrated ed.). IUCN. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-8317-0109-7. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- Jump up ^ IUCN 2009, p. 0
- Jump up ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 18–19
- Jump up ^ IUCN 2009, pp. 19–20
- Jump up ^ "List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ "Abu Mena". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "Abu Mena–Threats to the Site (2001)". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- Jump up ^ 25th session 2001, p. 134
- Jump up ^ "Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, p. 29
- Jump up ^ "Ancient City of Aleppo". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Ancient City of Bosra". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Ancient City of Damascus". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Ancient Villages of Northern Syria". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 123–124
- Jump up ^ "Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati Monastery". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 130–133
- Jump up ^ "Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 33rd session 2009, pp. 81–82
- Jump up ^ "Chan Chan Archaeological Zone". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Tenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route in Bethlehem, Palestine, inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List along with sites from Israel, Palau, Indonesia and Morocco". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Comoé National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, p. 30
- Jump up ^ "Coro and its Port". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 102–103
- Jump up ^ "Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 122–123
- Jump up ^ World Heritage Committeee. "World Heritage Committee inscribes East Rennell on the List of World Heritage in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
- Jump up ^ "Everglades National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Seventeenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 82–83
- Jump up ^ "Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Panamanian fortifications inscribed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 142–143
- Jump up ^ "Garamba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c 8th session 1984, p. 18
- Jump up ^ 20th session 1996, p. 32
- Jump up ^ "Historical Monuments of Mtskheta". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ 33rd session 2009, p. 139
- Jump up ^ "Historic Town of Zabid". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ 24th session 2000, pp. 26–27
- Jump up ^ "Kahuzi-Biega National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 19–20
- Jump up ^ "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee places Liverpool on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Los Katíos National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 33rd session 2009, p. 83
- Jump up ^ "Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 18–19
- Jump up ^ "Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 55. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 157–158
- Jump up ^ "Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 26–28
- Jump up ^ "Niokolo-Koba National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 41–43
- Jump up ^ "Okapi Wildlife Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 21st session 1997, p. 19
- Jump up ^ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 10–12. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "UNESCO replies to allegations". UNESCO. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Rainforests of the Atsinanana". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 57–58
- Jump up ^ "Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 20th session 1996, p. 29
- Jump up ^ "Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 96–97
- Jump up ^ "Salonga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 8th session 1984, p. 14
- ^ Jump up to: a b c 23rd session 1999, p. 29
- Jump up ^ "Samarra Archaeological City". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 152–153
- Jump up ^ "Simien National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- Jump up ^ 20th session 1996, pp. 28–29
- Jump up ^ "Site of Palmyra". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Heritage sites in northern Mali placed on List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Tomb of Askia". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- Jump up ^ "Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 103–105
- Jump up ^ "Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Danger listing for Indonesia’s Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Virunga National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Eighteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 21, 51. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Angkor". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 37–38, annex VI
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 66–67
- Jump up ^ "Bahla Fort". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 19. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, p. 64
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Eleventh session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Bam and its Cultural Landscape". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, pp. 47–48
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee removes the Iranian World Heritage site of Bam and its Cultural Landscape from danger listing". UNESCO. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- Jump up ^ "Butrint". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- Jump up ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 24–25
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 31–32
- Jump up ^ "Cologne Cathedral". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, p. 116
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, p. 46
- Jump up ^ "Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twelfth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 7, 16. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 24th session 2000, pp. 109–110
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 15–16
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 23–24
- Jump up ^ "Dresden Elbe Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 112–113
- Jump up ^ "Dubrovnik". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Fifteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 31. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 24th session 2000, p. 26
- Jump up ^ "Galápagos Islands". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 70–71
- Jump up ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 68–69
- Jump up ^ 34th session 2010, pp. 34–35
- Jump up ^ "Group of Monuments at Hampi". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 23rd session 1999, pp. 32–33
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 38–40
- Jump up ^ "Ichkeul National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 20th session 1996, pp. 31–32
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, pp. 25–26
- Jump up ^ "Iguaçu National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 25th session 2001, pp. 15–16
- Jump up ^ "Kathmandu Valley". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, pp. 64–65
- Jump up ^ 31st session 2007, p. 32
- Jump up ^ "Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Third session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, p. 27
- Jump up ^ "Manas Wildlife Sanctuary". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, p. 28
- Jump up ^ "Successful preservation of India's Manas Wildlife Sanctuary enables withdrawal from the List of World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- Jump up ^ "Ngorongoro Conservation Area". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "World Heritage Committee: Thirteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 14. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Plitvice Lakes National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 24–25
- Jump up ^ 21st session 1997, pp. 10–11
- Jump up ^ "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- Jump up ^ 25th session 2001, pp. 139–141
- Jump up ^ "Royal Palaces of Abomey". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Royal Palaces of Abomey: Advisory Body Evaluation" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Ninth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 7. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- Jump up ^ 31st session 2007, pp. 21–22
- Jump up ^ "Rwenzori Mountains National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 28th session 2004, p. 55
- Jump up ^ "Sangay National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 25–26
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 18–19
- Jump up ^ "Srebarna Nature Reserve". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 21–22
- Jump up ^ 27th session 2003, p. 15
- Jump up ^ "Timbuktu". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Fourteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 29th session 2005, pp. 20–21
- Jump up ^ "Tipasa". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-sixth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 30th session 2006, p. 32
- Jump up ^ "Wieliczka Salt Mine". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Twenty-second session" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "Yellowstone National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee: Nineteenth session" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- Jump up ^ 16th session 1992, pp. 16–17
External links[edit]
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Official site
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage in Danger List: Official site
- UNESCO Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: Official site
- Worldheritage-Forum: Weblog and Information on World Heritage Issues
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